How can a new pond or lake become populated with fish when there is no human intervention? Frogs I can understand as they have legs and will travel overground. But fish can’t survive for that long out of water. I’ve heard theories of fish eggs becoming stuck to water birds and getting transferred this way; but is there any positive proof of this happening?
I should have said that I’m excluding the obvious like eels which do indeed travel over land. I mean species shuch as pike, perch, roach etc. I’m also thinking of isolated pools not those with any form of feeder stream. These do get populated within a year or two of being dug once the pool has settled.
Sorry everybody, it seems that most people are stating the same thing – with a couple of exceptions. I know of pools that have absolutely no other waterways connecting them nor any streams that could flood into them. I do know this as fact as they are literally only about a mile away from where I live. They have fish in them but no intervention from humans or flooding. I am still inclined to think the eggs have stuck to passing water fowl and been deposited from there.

As for Bamma??? What is he/she smoking?

Bamma say he open meter box. Bamma say full of water. Bamma say been there months. Bamma say fish swimming in there. Bamma say where the heck that come from? Bamma say this very puzzling. Bamma say nearest lake 2 mile away. Bamma say up hill from lake. Bamma say how this possible. Bamma say there it is bigger than all day. Bamma say nobody have access but Bamma. Bamma say special tool to open. Bamma say dinosaur fish lay dormant for million year til wet. Bamma otta know.

I have a 90 gallon pond in my front yard, I was looking to put some fist in it, but I’m not sure if u have to buy special one’s or just go to wal-mart. Does anybody know?

get the little feeder goldfish from petsmart or any place other them wal-mart. They cost about 4-20 for a buck. i would start with about 20 or so. they grow pretty fast but, some will be picked off by animals and some will die.

can i use neutrogena cleanser and the ponds cold cream or do they basically do the same thing??cuz if they do the same thing, i dun need to waste money and i can only use one of them.

ponds cold cream is crap lol. i had it i wont suggest it!
definately didnt take off all my makeup..
toners work good to take off makeup.. atleast Clinique toner does!

I’ve seen them all over the place, and I don’t usually see anything that could be a source of water. No streams or anything.
I didn’t think rain would be enough to fill a pond. That’s amazing.

Doesn’t take much of a stream and it could be an underground spring or one that you did not see.

Fish need oxygen to survive, I do know this. But if you were to spray a product called Rodeo (for the purpose of killing the aquatic grasses using a lot of the fishes oxygen), wouldn’t the decomposing(organic matter breaking down)decrease the oxygen? Would it cause that black sludge found in stagnent water?

do any of you guys have a pond?

excessive plant growth will cut off circulation which is a MUH bigger aerator than the plants ever will be.. once the fish die (wil happen before the plants) the pond goes stagnant and without any CO2 (from the fish) the plants will eventually die…

i’ve never tryed any product (this is basically and algeacide/herbicide) on my pond, im just a little parranoid about side effects (DEET, DDT, etc)

i usualy manually remove excess growth/detritus…

the decomposing waste will lower the pH which i believe does effect O2 content.. but both are bad..
black sludge is creted by and supports anaerobic bacterial functions, giving it that rotten egg odor… stagnant water caused by overcrowded plants is one cause of it.

if this is for a private pond, keep good circulation on the pond preferably with a filter not just a pump, and remove excess growth as needed..

if this is for a business and are researching fro a product to use, i’d check with the EPA database, you should be able to find a link to that on their site

http://www.epa.org/search/redirect.php?f=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Faclk%3Fsa%3Dl%26ai%3DBooLa9DEWSKTtE46s-wKjxOwb3s_yPvSbsuUC4sOGwwaw6gEQAhgCIKywhAwoAjgBUJ_AlMD______wFgye6DiPCj7BKgAYv9jP8DsgEHZXBhLm9yZ8gBAdoBB2VwYS5vcmfZA4VBwyx1M5d69QNAAAAA%26num%3D2%26sig%3DAGiWqtyhL3y48t5js_yBaHuGto_Hj7vBug%26q%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.forestry-suppliers.com%2FPromo%2Fgoogle.asp%253Fid%253D71&l=YjFmMGY2ZDhjODIxNTgxMmMwYjcwOWU5Y2FlNDUzM2IJMC4xMDY5MgkxMDAwCTEzCTEJMAkJMgkyCTEJOWUyNjIxMGQ3NTEyMWNhNTE4NWNlOTJiOWY5ZDBlZmUJd3d3LkZvcmVzdHJ5LVN1cHBsaWVycy5jb20JMjE4MDM0ODUJcwkwCTAJNAlyb2RlbyBoZXJiaWNpZGUJNDkJMQk1CTU5CTAJMC4wOTAwCU4JMjU0CWU2ZDJmNTIwNjAyZmYzNTAyZWYyMzk4YmRiYTY1NWZlCTAJMAkwCQkwLjEwNTE2NQkJCTI3NAkJ

http://www.pronto.com/user/search.do?displayQuery=rodeo%20herbicide&SEM=true&query=rodeo%20herbicide&adid=1196561088-1804908d-0_gs&ref=rodeo%20herbicide&creativeid=856295045&site=&loadingComplete=true

ponds are little strips to clear zits and prevent black heads. My daughter used them and said they don’t work. Do they and we are just doing it wrong?

i have 8 niece’s all teen and pre-teen, and all have used ponds nose strips , it did not live up to its expectation, or work for them
my younger sister started using Biore deep cleaning strips, and was very impressed on how it worked, she introduce the product to our niece’s and it worked for all except 2, who went back to using their deep cleaning Oxy wipe
i sourced you a sit that might be helpful

I have heard of the idea of birds or ducks naturally stocking the pond but always thought this to be a myth. I was wondering if anyone has could provide me with some help.

That actually is often the way it happens. Also, in rainy seasons, overflow and small temporary creeks carry eggs and small fish into new bodies of water.

Summary

A mixed technology pack consisting of awareness on generation of total farm income is needed. Our farming is a composite farming comprising crop, fruit, livestock, fish and allied production systems. We need a composite technology pack and not a commodity research end product. Thus a total change and reformation in National Agricultural Research System (NARS) is needed to shape it as farmer friendly. We may name it NFR&ES, i. e National Farm Research & Extension System or simply Indian Farm Research and Business Management System.

Introduction

Future of agricultural extension education lies in its advancement through research, methodological refineness and village–linked mechanization. The disciplines of extension education has to be reshaped, incorporating explorative methods, survey techniques, computing skills, economic and social back ground analysis. An attempt to characterize barriers in transmission of technologies to the baseline farming systems needs a reformation in extension education in India and Asia. A detailed reformation model in the form of Broad Based Agricultural extension has been published (Wani, 1992). The booklet describes a model approach for Kashmir Valley districts. With the establishment of SAMETI in SKUAST-K, as an autonomous Institution, a series of documents for improving productivity in whole agriculture i,e crops, fruits and livestock have been prepared. (Wani, 2008,a& b). On the basis of these reviews and documents, the present document is 4th of the series, reviewing technology dissemination, impact & productivity changes. It concludes with a reformation model for Extension Education – a Vision.

Farmers Perception

A study was conducted to examine the perception of cotton farmers(n= 210) of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India, regarding the attributes of integrated pest management (IPM) technologies. Majority of the cotton farmers of the area perceived that the initial cost of IPM technologies is high, and IPM technologies give meager and irregular net profit, but may be beneficial in the long run. Moreover, farmers stated that IPM technologies are not feasible given the situation of the district, culturally not acceptable, not necessary, not socially recognized, have more cognitive complexity and scarce resource complexity, reversible, and consume more labour. Regarding the practicality of IPM technologies, the respondents felt that the technologies can be easily demonstrated and tried out, and have reliable point of origin. It is suggested that the success of IPM technologies depends on farmers awareness, community approach, timeliness and availability of inputs. (Nasantha & Buchareddy,, 2006).

Eco-friendly Technology

This study was conducted to analyse the constraints encountered by farmers (n=245) in employing eco-friendly technologies in cultivating rice in Andhra Pradesh, India. Ineffectiveness of the recommended dosage of spray solutions (51.42%), and difficulty in maintaining recommended depth of water after transplanting (23.26%), were the major problems perceived by the farmers. Based on the results, 55.51% farmers suggested that adequate trainings must be conducted on improved management practices to enhance farmers’s skills, and 32.24% farmers said that more demonstrations must be conducted on farmers’s fields, for effective adoption of eco-friendly technologies in rice cultivation (Reddy et al, 2006).

The study was conducted to analyse eco-friendly technologies for rice cultivation, which exploit renewable resources to control pollution upto consideredable level and to recycle wastes. The data were gathered from 245 farmers in three regions of Andhra Pradesh, India . it is suggested that extension agencies should concentrate on major suggestions i.e., conducting required number of training programmes for enhancing the skills of rice farmers in various management practices. Conducting more number of demonstration on the efficacy of eco-friendly technologies in the field, rather than mere publicity. Extension should be strengthened so that it is demand driven, market driven and farmer led. Visits of experts should be increased to farmers’ field region wise and block wise for better comprehension and diagnosis of field problems. (Reddy et al 2005).

This study was conducted to analyse the attitudes of rice farmers (n=245) in Andhra Pradesh, India, towards eco-friendly technologies. Results showed favourable attitude of farmers towards eco-friendly technologies. The results indicate the need for the extension agency to train and educate the farmers regarding the advantage of adopting eco-friendly technologies to decrease environmental pollution, obtain high quality produce and sustainable yields,(Reddy et al, 2006).

Technology gaps

The study was conducted in Junagadh-1 and Junagadh-2 subdivisions of Rajkot division, where National Watershed development programme has already been implemented, to find out the extent of technological gaps in adoption of soil and water conservation technologies and factors responsible for it. The results revealed that the technological gap was higher in adopting the percolation tank-cum-farm ponds, strip cropping and mulching practices in beneficiary farmers (BFs). But in non-beneficiary farmers (NBFs) , the technological gap was higher in the practices of contour cultivation, contour bunding along with vegetative barriers, afforestation, recharging well and tubewell, deep ploughing and graded bunding in addition to above three practices mentioned for BFs. The study clearly indicated that overall technological gap in NBFs was significantly higher with a mean difference of 24.57% compared to BFs. It was also observed that variables namely, size of land holding , social participation, employment status, opinion leadership, extension participation, localite-cosmopolite value orientation knowledge and attitude were significantly correlated with the technological gap (Popat et al 2006).

Farmer Decision Process

This study was conducted to analyse the direct and indirect relative influence of the selected independent variables with each other to analyse the relative influence of other dependent variable, i.e., differential innovation decision process of rice eco-friendly technologies. The data were gathered from 245 farmers in Andhra Pradesh, India , and analysed using path coefficient. The path diagram clearly shows that the variables social participation, farm size, and extension participation were crucial variables. This might be due to the fact that many variables were channeling their substantial indirect effects on differential innovation decision process of rice eco-friendly technologies through them. The variables exposure to electronic media and cosmopoliteness showed significant positive direct effects. Moreover, maximum direct negative effects were shown by fatalism and religious beliefs (Reddy et al, 2006).

Farmer cost-sharing – Nigerian Model

Providing adequate and stable funding for agricultural extension service in Nigeria has been a major problem since the expiration of the World Bank’s funding arrangement. In order to solve this problem, cost –sharing of agricultural technology delivery is seen as a tenable privatization policy option. Considering the fact that agricultural technology transfer in Nigeria has mainly been publicly funded, introducing cost-sharing arrangement is expected to meet some obstacles. Hence, this study ascertains the perception of farmers and extension agents on the constraints and strategies towards effective cost –sharing of agricultural technology delivery in Nigeria. This study was carried out in six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Multistage random sampling technique was applied in the selection of respondents. A sample size of 267 farmers and 272 Agricultural Development Programme (ADP)staff participated in the study. Means, standard deviation, exploratory factor analysis and test statistics were used in realizing the objectives. The results show that the major constraints to effective cost-sharing of agricultural extension service in Nigeria are weak institutional development, extension system lapses, lack of cooperation by farmers, uncertainties experienced in agriculture, conflicts and corruption. The major strategies for effective cost-sharing arrangement include building political support for cost sharing , establishment of farmers’ cooperatives to serve as avenues for collection of payments, creating enabling legislation for cost –sharing and increasing the number of extension staff. The study recommends proper dissemination of information on cost-sharing before implementation, creating enabling legislation, decentralizing the extension system and building the capabilities of extension staff (kukwuone et al, 2006). Should we use this model of Nigeria.

Farmers Knowledge Level

The study was conducted to determine farmers’ knowledge level regarding the major aspects of pearl millet production technology in dryland farming. The data were gathered by administering a questionnaire to 120 farmers in Sirsa District, Haryana, India. Results showed that 54.17% of farmers possessed medium knowledge level whreas 26.67 and 19.16% of them have high and low knowledge level, respectively. Regarding aspect-wise knowledge level of production technology, 75% of farmers possessed high knowledge in preparatory tillage, 78% had low knoeledge level about improved variety, 90% of farmers had low level of knowledge on seed treatment and 68% possessed medium knowledge level about sowing rate. For sowing date and FYM application, 82% and 70% of farmers had high and medium knowledge level, respectively. Farmers possess low level of knowledge about chemical fertilizers application 48%. In mechanical weed control, 85% had high knowledge level and 82% had low knowledge about chemical weed control. On plant protection measures, 50.83 and 70% farmers had low knowledge level about insect control and disease control, respectively (Chander et al, 2006).

Farmers Field Schools

The Farmer Field School (FFS) approach is gaining prominence as an extension approach but its usefulness in influencing farmers to understand and uptake new technologies is still a question lingering in the mind of many FFS practitioners. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the approach in knowledge acquisition, adoption and dissemination of soil and crop management (S&CM) technologies among small-scale farmers in Kenya. Eight technologies were scaled –out using the approach and the conventional extension methods. A survey with an ex-post facto design was employed with a sample frame consisting of 940 farmers. A sample of 60 FFS graduates and 60 non-FFS (NFFS) farmers was chosen for the study. There was a significant difference in knowledge acquired in S&CM technologies by FFS compared to NFFS farmers. About 50% of FFS farmers had acquired high to very high level of the knowledge of all the eight technologies disseminated while the majority ( 80%) of the NFFS farmers had acquired less than 50% of the same knowledge. About 45% of the FFS farmers had adopted 50% of the technology components while only 17% of NFFS farmers had adopted the same percentage of the technology components. The FFS participants were significantly (P .05) better disseminators of S&CM technologies than the non-FFS farmers. It was recommended that all stakeholders in Agricultural development in Kenya be sensitized on the potential effectiveness of FFS methodology in scaling-up agricultural technologies and also monitor how the application of knowledge acquired by FFS farmer is impacting on their livelihoods. (Bunyatta et al, 2006).

Conclusion and work plan 2008

Community supported agriculture system needs to be evolved. It should encompass food production, marketing, distribution, quality assurances and pricing decisions. A transparent system of research, outreach (extension) industry profiting based on Farmers production prices need to be evolved. Research and extension needs to be clubbed to give end products to farmers and not the research publication which are never transferable to farmers. Communication process within extension system need to be informative, analytic and fact gathering exercises. The total change in Extension delivery system should begin with curriculum changes to suit new name of “Farm Business Management. It needs incorporation of Agricultural sciences awareness with particular emphasis on Agribusiness, appraisals, consultancy, risk management, data analysis, credit management, marketing, public relations, economics and policy issues, farm management and international agriculture – public private partnerships, Farm co-operative ventures, rural banking, Agro-industrial managements, feed/seed services and programmes need to be added to the projects and mission on agricultural technology delivery system.

Farmer schools, women awareness and technology impact analytic projects need to be financed by ICAR. A broad national based project as Agriculture and National resource utilization needs to be financed including all SAU Extension Education Directorates. This should cover areas of farm production, production cost, price structure, service cost, input – output ratio with respect to livestock, fish, agriculture, forestry, sericulture and horticulture products. Quality trainings in food processing and preservation to stimulate new graduate to set up food processing units. A composit packaging of technology, their use and cost benefit ratio analysis should be the areas of operation of the project. Once the basic idea of reforms is conceived by ICAR logistics could be worked out.

G.M. Wani
http://www.articlesbase.com/science-articles/extension-education-reformation-iii-farmers-perception-and-farmers-schools-331856.html

Sports in Sheffield hold a special place in the hearts of the citizens of the Steel City, and football reigns supreme. Many other sports are popular in Sheffield of course, but not like football. Sheffield United crowds arrive to cheer like it’s their job. There are chants and songs that have to be sung in different game situations, the most popular being The Greasy Chip Butty Song. The words to the song mention Magnet Beer, Woodbine Cigarettes, snuff, and a greasy chip butty (which, for those not sure, is a kind of sandwich!).

A scene from the Full Monty provides more evidence of the passion with which football is followed in Sheffield. While practicing their dance routine, the lads cannot seem to get it together until a soccer analogy comparing the dance line to an offside trap is put before them. That comparison makes crystal clear what is needed as the offside trap is second nature to the Sheffield men, and the necessary footwork is also common knowledge.

The world’s oldest football club was formed in Sheffield in 1857. Founders Nathanial Creswick and William Prest called their team Sheffield F.C. The founders decided to write a rulebook known as “Sheffield Rules”, and by 1860 there were 15 football clubs in Sheffield alone. Sheffield United Football Club was formed in 1889. The United part is from the team’s origins as the Sheffield United Cricket Club. The team kept the United, and dumped the Cricket. Since the infancy of football, cricket interest in Sheffield has waned a little, but it still has many followers.

Sheffield first won the FA Cup Final in 1899. More recently they have been on what would kindly be described as a cold streak as they work towards their second cup win. Sheffield United is not the only football club in the city. Sheffield Wednesday FC was another reformed cricket club that used to play on Wednesdays, which explains the unique name. Other clubs include Hallam F.C., Sheffield F.C., Steel City Wanderers, and Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C.

Not all of the cricket teams went belly up when football’s popularity exploded. Sheffield United Cricket Club, Hallam Cricket Club, and Sheffield Collegiate C.C. are some local clubs, many of which represent Sheffield in the South Yorkshire Cricket League that originated in 1947.

Since 1991, the Sheffield Steelers have played Ice Hockey at their home in the Sheffield Arena. By 1994 the Steelers had won more championships than Sheffield United did in the past century. A few other ice hockey teams in town are the Sheffield Scimitars of the English Premier League, The Sheffield Spartans play in the English National League and a women’s team called the Sheffield Shadows do battle in a premier women’s league. The Sheffield Ice Tigers are a recreational level hockey club.

Basketball is quite popular as well. The Sheffield Sharks play at Ponds Forge in the British Basketball League. The team won their first league championships in their inaugural season in 1994. They have since won it two more times. The Sheffield

Arrows play in the English Basketball League, and the Sheffield Hatters play the female version of basketball in the city. They dominated the National League from 1991 to 2002, but have been in rebuilding mode since that amazing achievement.

Sheffield is home to some world-class sports facilities, most built to host the World Student Games which took place in 1991. Don Valley International Athletics Stadium, Sheffield Arena, and ponds Forge International Swimming and Diving complex are among them. The city also has facilities for golf, ice skating, bowling, climbing, and skiing. Sheffield is also home to the English Institute of Sports, and will host the Commonwealth Games in 2014 or 2018.

Sheffield City Council is very interested in sports as well, and has formed the Sheffield Major Sports Events Unit to help bring sporting events to the city and provide income to the local economy. In the twelve years from 1991 to 2003 the council determined sporting events to bring in 46.7 million pounds, created 990 full time jobs, and brought 639,000 visitors to the city who would not have come without the sporting events. These figures don’t include the World Student Games of 1991, and are the main reason the City Council has developed a strategy to get more events in Sheffield.

Sheffield’s Major Events Unit Strategy is to improve the image of The City of Sheffield and show a diverse economic base to attract outside investment in the city. They emphasize that ‘Made in Sheffield’ still means quality, whether it be cutlery, or sporting events, they bring income to their event venue partners, and they help the people of Sheffield regain a sense of pride they must feel has been lacking in the later part of the last century.

The list of spectator sporting events that take place in Sheffield certainly has something for everyone. Swimming, judo, bowling, basketball, cycling, squash, table tennis, snooker, running and volleyball are all sports represented by an event on Sheffield’s sports calendar this year. Some of the events do however just sound made up however; during August 15th – 26th Ponds Forge ISC hosted the World Underwater Hockey Championships. I would think the equipment would weigh you down and skates would rust, but that’s one I would have attended if I’d been in the area. Finally, how could we forget the World Snooker Championships at the Crucible? There are plenty of events to choose from, so if you are in the Sheffield area get out and support your local team, or attend one of the many sporting events Sheffield plays host to.

Article by Susan Ashby of Sheffield Singles. To read more articles like this or for dating in Sheffield visit http://www.sheffield-singles.co.uk

Susan Ashby
http://www.articlesbase.com/dating-articles/sheffield-city-of-sport-81118.html

the pond i have is a pre-moulded plastic one and its about 21 inches deep, and i need some fish to put in it, any recomendations?

21" is not that deep unless it’s really shaded with plenty of vegetation inside.

Koi fishes are the best to have because they’re not very dirty and adapt in different climates, they’re the tougher fish from the goldfish family; don’t get the actual goldfish because they’re very dirty and will die easier in a pond.

Also them plecostomus, or however they’re spelled, get some small one of those, they help clean the bottom of the pond (they eat the fishes mess, etc) and grow pretty big.